The woody evergreen sclerophyllous Quercus ilex L. The obtained results represent a useful tool for studies aiming to investigate the effects of environmental stresses in urban-adapted tree species. The comparison of gene expression between the combined salt + ozone treatment and salt or ozone alone showed that even though many differentially expressed genes overlap all treatments, combined stress triggered a unique response in terms of gene expression modification. ilex, and performed gene expression analysis for this species when subjected to salt, ozone and a combination of the two. We produced for the first time a reference transcriptome for Q. ilex at the physiological and biochemical levels, even though the expression profiles were overall more striking than those found at the biochemical and physiological levels. Most differentially expressed transcripts revealed here are in accordance with a previous report on Q. Many differentially regulated genes were related to stress sensing and signalling, cell wall remodelling, ROS sensing and scavenging, photosynthesis and to sugar and lipid metabolism. However, the short O 3 pulse had a very strong effect in inducing over- or under-expression of some genes in plants coping with soil salinity.
Salinity dramatically changed the profile of expressed transcripts, while the short O 3 pulse had less effect on the transcript profile. ilex as well as transcripts over- or under-expressed after a single episode of O 3 (80 nl l-1, 5 h), a salt treatment (150 mM for 15 days) or a combination of these treatments, mimicking a situation that plants commonly face, especially in urban environments. Here, we produced and annotated a de novo leaf transcriptome of Q. Among these abiotic factors, increased uptake of Na + and Cl − usually occurs in trees in the urban ecosystem moreover, an excess of the tropospheric ozone concentration in Mediterranean cities further affects plant growth and survival. However, the urban environment has several abiotic factors that negatively influence plant life, which are further exacerbated due to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean area. Similar to other urban trees, holm oaks ( Quercus ilex L.) provide a physiological, ecological and social service in the urban environment, since they remove atmospheric pollution.
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